Bi-level programming subsidy design for promoting sustainable prefabricated product logistics

This paper considers the transportation of prefabricated products in construction industry. Prefabricated can be transported by road transport or intermodal transport, latter which incurs lower carbon emissions. A contractor always selects mode with a cost rather than one emission. bi-level programming model was formulated to decide optimal subsidy for achieve lowest emissions while accounting minimization decisions faced contractors who use products. numerical example conducted demonstrate effectiveness proposed model. research is important regard understanding and how they relate options